Several years ago, a little-known drug named Ozempic – previously used only to treat diabetes – emerged as a promising new drug for weight management.
The Food and Drug Administration’s approval of Ozempic in 2021 for weight loss treatment ushered in a new era for the class of drugs called glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists (GLP-1). Today, GLP-1 drugs, including Wegovy, Mounjaro, and Zepbound, have become household names and key tools in the fight against obesity: 1 in 8 American adults say they have used a GLP-1 drug, and forecasts show that by 2030, 1 in 10 Americans will likely be using these medications.
Now, research from my lab and others suggests that GLP-1 drugs could help treat dozens of other ailments as well, including cognitive issues and addiction problems. However, my colleagues and I also found previously unidentified risks.
One of the most important health benefits we found was that the GLP-1 drugs lowered the risk of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. These findings align with other research, including evidence from preclinical studies showing that these drugs may reduce inflammation in the brain and enhance the brain’s ability to form and strengthen connections between its cells, improving how they communicate with one another. These effects contribute to mitigating cognitive decline.
GLP-1 drugs have also demonstrated potential in reducing risks of several substance use disorders such as those involving alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, opioids, and stimulants. This may be due to the ability of these drugs to modulate reward pathways, impulse control, and inflammatory processes in the brain.
In addition to the well-documented effects of GLP-1 drugs in reducing risks of adverse cardiovascular and kidney outcomes, our study shows a significant effect in reducing risk of blood clotting as well as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. One puzzling finding in our study is the reduced risk of infectious diseases such as pneumonia and sepsis.
Despite their broad therapeutic potential, GLP-1 drugs are not without risks.
Gastrointestinal issues, such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, and gastroesophageal reflux disease are among the most common adverse effects associated with GLP-1 drugs.
Our study also identified other risks, including low blood pressure, sleep problems, headaches, formation of kidney stones, and gall bladder disease and diseases associated with the bile ducts. We also saw increased risks of drug-induced inflammation of the kidneys and pancreas – both serious conditions that can result in long-term health problems. These findings underscore the importance of careful monitoring in people who are taking GLP-1 medications.
GLP-1 drugs have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of a range of diseases, from diabetes to obesity and beyond. However, it is crucial to carefully weigh the benefits against the risks and to monitor patients closely to ensure the safe and effective use of these medications.
Q: What are GLP-1 drugs?
A: GLP-1 drugs are a class of medications used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Q: How do GLP-1 drugs work?
A: GLP-1 drugs work by mimicking the action of a hormone called glucagon-like peptide-1, which is released naturally by the body to regulate blood sugar levels.
Q: What are the potential benefits of GLP-1 drugs?
A: GLP-1 drugs have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and other conditions, as well as to improve cognitive function and reduce the risk of addiction and suicidal ideation.
Q: What are the potential risks of GLP-1 drugs?
A: GLP-1 drugs are not without risks, including gastrointestinal issues, low blood pressure, sleep problems, and other side effects.
Q: How can I get more information about GLP-1 drugs?
A: You can speak with your healthcare provider about GLP-1 drugs and whether they may be right for you. You can also visit the websites of the Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for more information on GLP-1 drugs and their use.
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